Family care partners and professional caregivers alike get frustrated with dementia-related behaviors that are barriers to providing care and improving quality of life for the person in their care. Behaviors associated with sundowning are particularly difficult. Sundowning is a lay term that describes a state of increased confusion and anxiety that presents itself in the late afternoon and continues through the evening; for some, it extends into nighttime. Signs include many forms of anxiety, aggression, pacing, confusion, wandering, and repetitive behaviors. Some people experience hallucinations, delusions, and paranoia.
According to the Alzheimer’s Association, sundowning occurs in as many as 20 percent of persons with Alzheimer’s Disease. Other dementia-related illnesses such as Lewy Body Disease, Fronto-Temporal Dementia, and Vascular Dementia also commonly present sundowning. It is common in middle and late stages of dementias and usually occurs each day.
The exact cause of sundowning is not known, but some experts believe it is related to disturbances of the circadian rhythm resulting from dementia-related brain changes. Additionally, the Alzheimer’s Society reports possible stimuli are lighting (often too little), noise, effects of medications, and disrupted daytime routines. Sundowning is usually a daily occurrence, not a periodic symptom.
It is important to realize that a person may display behaviors that are identical to signs of sundowning, but he or she may actually be trying to communicate an unmet need. For example, a person with dementia may display agitation due to their need to use the toilet or from boredom. Identifying the need may stop the behavior. But with actual sundowning, turn your focus on acceptance that these challenges are part of the patient’s dementia journey and explore ways to cope.
Helping the person in your care cope with the effects of sundowning requires great effort. Finding the right combination of environmental adjustments is specific to the individual. Try out these common solutions:
When I provide education and support to family care partners, I always preach two particular best practices. The first is a principle discussed in Dementia Beyond Disease by renowned gerontologist Allen Powers, MD, who educates about the importance of being attentive to the person’s well-being. Promote meaning in a person’s life by providing them opportunities to help others with their special talents. For example, let them, if able, help young children with their spelling words or basic math drills; generously dole out appreciation for their “help.”
Second is some practical advice from Teepa Snow, an experienced occupational therapist and worldwide expert on caring for persons living with dementia. Snow teaches that all human beings need four to five meaningful activities per day to experience quality of life. These activities may only be five or 10 minutes long, but the emotional experience they produce may last many more minutes or even a few hours past the actual activity. Consider the person’s interests (art, crafts, gardening) and create activities for them to engage in what they enjoy. On Sunday night, plan your patient’s upcoming week or at least compose a list of possible activities to pull from. This takes some of the stress out caregiving, since you’ll have ideas on hand of how to engage with your person.
About the Author
Jill Smith, RN, is a PAC Certified Trainer and Consultant (Teepa Snow’s Positive Approach to Care), a Dementia CARES® Specialist (Alzheimer’s Association), certified with the International Council of Montessori Dementia Professionals, and active on the National Council of Certified Dementia Practitioners.
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